Describe a famous person in bangladesh

Ghulam Azam

Bangladeshi politician ()

Ghulam Azam (Bengali: গোলাম আযম; 7 November &#;&#; 23 October ) was a Bangladeshi politician. He served as the Ameer of the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami.[1]

Ghulam Azam was arrested by the Awami League government on 11 January after he was found guilty in war crimes charges during the Bangladesh Liberation War in

A member of Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan, during the war, he unsuccessfully opposed the breakup of Pakistan.[2][3] He subsequently led the Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh until [4][5][6][7][8]

On 15 July , a Bangladeshi special tribunal, the International Crimes Tribunal found him guilty of war crimes such as conspiring, planning, incitement to and complicity in committing genocide and was sentenced to 90 years in jail.[6][7] The tribunal stated that Azam deserved capital punishment for his activity during the Bangladesh Liberation War but was given a lenient punishment of imprisonment because of his age and poor health condition.[4][5][9] The trial was criticized by several international observers, including Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International.

Human Rights Watch, which was initially supportive of a trial subsequently criticized "strong judicial bias towards the prosecution and grave violations of due process rights", calling the trial process deeply flawed and unable to meet international fair trial standards.[10][11][12][13] Notably, it was at the center of the ICT Skype controversy.[14]

As a leader of the Jamaat-e-Islami, he led the formation of the Shanti Committees that were formed at the time of the Liberation War alongside other pro-Pakistan Bengali leaders.[15] Azam was accused of forming paramilitary groups for the Pakistani Army, including Razakars, and Al-Badr.[16] These militias opposed the Mukti Bahini who fought for the independence of Bangladesh and also stand accused of war crimes.[15][17][18][19] Azam's citizenship was cancelled by the Bangladeshi Government because of playing an opposition role during the Bangladesh liberation war.[20]

He lived informally in Bangladesh from to without any authorised Bangladeshi visa.

His citizenship was then reinstated by the Supreme Court of Bangladesh.[21][22][23]

Azam was arrested on 11 January by the International Crimes Tribunal in Bangladesh on the charges of committing war crimes during the Bangladesh liberation war.[24][25] The tribunal rejected the plea of bail after noting that there were formal charges against Azam of which it had taken cognisance.[26]

He was 91 when he died of a stroke on 23 October at BSMMU.[27]

Thousands of people attended his funeral prayers that were televised and held at Baitul Mukarram.[28]

Family background and education

Sheikh Ghulam Azam was born on 7 November in his maternal home, the Shah Saheb Bari of Lakshmibazar, Dacca, Bengal Presidency.

He was the eldest son of Sheikh Ghulam Kabir and Sayeda Ashrafunnisa.

Ekattor tv talk show golam azam biography Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item. Although his job was reinstated after a strong student protest, he did not re-join as he had decided to dedicate his life in the cause of Islam. December 23, at pm. Bangladeshi television news channel.

His ancestral home is Maulvi Bari in Birgaon Village, Brahmanbaria, his paternal family is the noble Sheikh family of Birgaon, he descends from Sheikh Zaqi in his 6th generation who had migrated from Arabia, as a Muslim preacher and settled in the settlement of Birgaon beside the Meghna River in the 18th Century.[29] His family's residence in the area is referred to as Maulvi Bari due to the fact that the family had produced several scholarly figures during their stay in Bengal.

Ghulam Azam's father Ghulam Kabir was a Mawlana and so was his father Sheikh Abdus Subhan.[30] The tradition of religious scholarship in the family was started by his great-grandfather Sheikh Shahabuddin Munshi who was considered an Alim and a Munshi based in the area east of the Meghna river.[31][32] His mother Sayeda Ashrafunnisa was daughter of Shah Sayed Abdul Munim whose family is a SayedPeer family, his father Shah Sayed Emdad Ali was a descendant of Shah Sayed Sufi Hosseini who arrived from Iran via Delhi in AD and settled in what is now known as Sayedabad of Kaliakor.[30][29] Ghulam Azam's education began at the local madrasa in Birgaon and then completed his secondary school education in Dhaka.

After that, he enrolled at Dacca University where he completed BA and MA degrees in political science.[23]

Early political career

University

While studying at the University of Dhaka, Azam became active in student's politics and was elected as the General Secretary of the Dhaka University Central Students' Union (DUCSU) for the two consecutive years between and As a General Secretary of the DUCSU, Azam in submitted a memorandum on the union's behalf to the Prime Minister of PakistanLiaquat Ali Khan, demanding that Bengali be made a state language along with Urdu.

At that time, Bangladesh was part of Pakistan and known as "East Pakistan".[23][a]

Jamaat-e-Islami

In , Azam left Dhaka to teach political science at the Government Carmichael College in Rangpur. During this time, he was influenced by the writings of Abul Ala Maududi and he joined Maududi's party Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan in , and was later elected as the Secretary General of Jamaat-e-Islami's East Pakistan branch.[23]

In , the government of Ayub Khan banned Jamaat-e-Islami and its leaders, including Azam, and imprisoned them for eight months without trials.

He played a prominent role as the general secretary of the Pakistan Democratic Movement formed in and later, he was elected as the member of Democratic Action Committee in to transform the anti-Ayub movement into a popular uprising. In , he became the Ameer of the Jamaat in East Pakistan. He and other opposition leaders including future President of Bangladesh Sheikh Mujibur Rahman took part in the Round Table Conference held in Rawalpindi in to solve the prevailing political impasse in Pakistan.[23] On 13 March , Khan announced his acceptance of their two fundamental demands of parliamentary government and direct elections.[34]

In the runup to the Pakistani general election, Azam together with leaders of a number of other parties in East Pakistan (including the Pakistan Democratic Party, National Awami Party, Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam and the Pakistan National League) protested at the Awami League approach to electioneering for, accusing them of breaking up public meetings, physical attacks on political opponents and the looting and destruction of party offices.[35] During , while Azam was the head of Jamaat-e-Islami East Pakistan, a number of political rallies, including rallies of Jamaat-e-Islami, were attacked by armed mobs alleged to be incited by the Awami League.[36][37]

Bangladesh Liberation War

Activities during War

During the Bangladesh Liberation War, Azam took a political stance in support of unified Pakistan,[38][39] and repeatedly denounced Awami League and Mukti Bahini secessionists,[40] whose declared aim after 26 March became the establishment of an independent state of Bangladesh in place of East Pakistan.

Excerpts from Azam's speeches after 25 March used to be published in the spokespaper of the Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami named The Daily Sangram. On 20 June , Azam reaffirmed his support for the Pakistani army by citing that 'the army has eradicated nearly all criminals of East Pakistan'.[40]

East Pakistan Central Peace Committee

During the war of , it was alleged that Azam played a central role in the formation of East Pakistan Central Peace Committee on 11 April , which declared the independence movement a conspiracy planned by India.[15][41] It was also alleged that Azam was one of the founding members of this organization.[15] The Peace Committee members were drawn from Azam's Jamaat-e-Islami, the Muslim League and Biharis.[42] The Peace Committee served as a front for the army, informing on the civil administration as well as the general public.

They were also in charge of confiscating and redistribution of shops and lands from Hindu and pro-independence Bengali activists, mainly relatives and friends of Mukti Bahini fighters.

Ekattor tv talk show golam azam biography youtube Archived from the original on 17 September Is it possible to put some color on the site. Sangeet Bangla. Moghbazar , Dhaka.

The Shanti Committee has also been alleged to have recruited Razakars.[16] The first recruits included 96 Jamaat party members, who started training in an Ansar camp at Shahjahan Ali Road, Khulna.[43][44] During Azam's leadership of Jamaat-e-Islami, Ashraf Hossain, a leader of Jamaat's student wing Islami Chhatra Sangha, created the Al-Badr militia in Jamalpur district on 22 April [45] On 12 April , Azam and Matiur Rahman Nizami led demonstrations denouncing the independence movement as an Indian conspiracy.[46]

Azam denies the association between the Peace Committee and the Razakar militia as they were formed by the government and headed by Pakistani army general Tikka Khan.[39][47]

During the war, Azam travelled to West Pakistan at the time to consult the Pakistani leaders.[48] He declared that his party (Jamaat) is trying its best to curb the activities of pro-independence "Miscreants".[49] He took part in meetings with General Yahya Khan, the military dictator of Pakistan and other military leaders to organize the campaign against Bangladeshi independence.[48]

Anti-Indian Statements

On 12 August , Azam declared in a statement published in the Daily Sangram that "the supporters of the so-called Bangladesh Movement are the enemies of Islam, Pakistan, and Muslims".[50] He also called for an all out war against India.[51] He called for the annexation of Assam.[52]

Azam was also alleged as the prime standard-bearer who presented the blueprint of the killing of the intellectuals during a meeting with Rao Farman Ali in early September [53] According to this blue print, Pakistani Army and the local collaborators executed the killing of the Bengali intellectuals on 14 December

On 20 June , Azam declared in Lahore that the Hindu minority in East Pakistan, under the leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, are conspiring to secede from Pakistan.[49] On 12 August , Azam declared in a statement published in the Daily Sangram that "the supporters of the Bangladesh Movement are the enemies of Islam, Pakistan, and Muslims".[50] On his part, Azam denied all such accusations and challenged the validity of some, giving reasons to justify others.[54] However, he later admitted that he was on the list of collaborators of the Pakistani army, but denied he was a war criminal.[41] In , Azam denied such sentiments and claimed that the Pakistani government censored Sangram.[39]

election

The military junta of General Yahya Khan decided to call an election in an effort to legitimize themselves.

On 12 October , Yahya Khan declared that an election will be held from 25 November to 9 December. Azam decided to take part in this election.[55][better&#;source&#;needed] According to a government declaration of 2 November, 53 candidates would be elected without competition. Jamaat would receive 14 of the uncontested seats.[56]

In , Azam claimed that the reason for his opposition to the creation of Bangladesh were only political and he denied participation in any crime.[39] He also feared economic dominance by India.[39]

Leader of Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh

The government of newly independent Bangladesh, banned Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami and cancelled Azam's citizenship, along with that of Nurul Amin, the former prime minister due to their opposition to Bangladesh's independence.[20][39] Following the independence of Bangladesh, he migrated to Pakistan.[39] Azam lived in exile in London until he was allowed to return home in [23]

Jamaate-e-Islami became active again when Ziaur Rahman became president after a coup in and lifted the previous ban on religious parties.

In , Zia removed secularism in the constitution, replacing it with Islamic ideals, further clearing the way for Jamaat-e-Islami to return to political participation.[23] In , Azam returned to Bangladesh on a Pakistani passport with a temporary visa, and stayed as a Pakistani national until even after his visa expired; he refused to leave the country and continued to live in Bangladesh.[21][22] His stay was however unwelcome in Bangladesh and he was beaten by an angry mob at the footsteps of the Baitul Mukarram mosque while attending a funeral in [57]

In the s, Azam was particularly critical of the military rule of General Ershad after he seized power in a bloodless coup in and Jamaat-e-Islami took part in demonstrations and strikes as well as other opposition parties such as the Awami League and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP).

He proposed a caretaker government system to facilitate free and fair elections, which was adopted in In the Bangladeshi general election, Jamaat-e-Islami won 18 seats and its support allowed the BNP to form a government.[23]

During this time, he acted unofficially as the Ameer (leader) of Jamaat-e-Islami until , when he was officially elected to the post.

This led the government arresting him and an unofficial court called "The People's Court" was established by the civilians such as Jahanara Imam to try alleged war criminals and anti-independence activists. Imam held a symbolic trial of Azam where thousands of people gathered and gave the verdict that Azam's offences committed during the Liberation War deserve capital punishment.[58] In , he fought a lengthy legal battle which resulted in the Supreme Court of Bangladesh ruling in his favor and restoring his nationality.[23]

In the election, Jamaat won only three seats and most of their candidates lost their deposits.[59] Azam announced his retirement from active politics in late He was succeeded by Motiur Rahman Nizami.[8]

War crimes trial

Arrest and incarceration

On 11 January , Azam was arrested on charges of committing crimes against humanity and peace, genocide and war crimes in by the International Crimes Tribunal.

His petition for bail was rejected by the ICT, and he was sent to Dhaka Central Jail.

Daytime tv talk shows: References [ edit ]. Not now Yes please. Ghulam Azam was put on life support system at 8 PM. Daily Naya Diganta in Bengali.

However, three hours later he was taken to the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) hospital for a medical check-up because of his aging. According to The Daily Star, Azam was allowed to remain in a hospital prison cell despite being declared fit for trial by a medical team on 15 January.[60][61] The same paper later acknowledged that he had been placed there because to his "ailing condition".[62]

Azam's health was deteriorating rapidly since being imprisoned.[63] His wife, Syeda Afifa Azam reported in several newspapers as being shocked about Azam's treatment and stated that he was very weak and had lost 3&#;kilograms in a month due to malnutrition.[40] She described his treatment as "a gross violation of human rights" even though he was kept in a hospital prison cell.[64][65]

Azam's wife complained that he had been denied proper family visits and access to books, saying that this amounted to "mental torture".[66]The Daily Star reported that Azam's wife and his counsels were allowed to meet him on 18 February.[62] On 25 February , The Daily Star further reported that Azam's nephew was denied a visit shortly before he was about to enter hospital prison.

This was despite the application for the visit being first approved.[67]

During the trial, former advisor to the Caretaker government of Bangladesh, human rights activist and witness for the prosecution Sultanaa Kamal said- "In brutality, Ghulam Azam is synonymous with German ruler Hitler who had influential role in implementation and execution of genocide and ethnic cleansing".[68] In response to this statement, the defence counsel pointed out that the comparison was a fallacy and "fake with malicious intention" as Hitler held state power, which Azam did not and that in General Tikka Khan and Yahya Khan held state power.[69] Prosecutor of ICT Zead-Al-Malum said- "He was the one making all the decisions, why would he need to be on any committee?

Being Hitler was enough for Hitler in World War II".[70]

Islamic activists from different countries expressed their concerns for Mr. Azam. The International Union of Muslim Scholars, chaired by Yusuf al-Qaradawi called the arrest "disgraceful", and called on the Bangladesh government to release him immediately, stating that "the charge of Professor Ghulam Azam and his fellow scholars and Islamic activists of committing war crimes more than forty years ago is irrational and cannot be accepted".[71]

The judicial process under which Azam was on trial was criticized by international organizations such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International.[72][73]

Verdict

Azam was convicted of war crimes during the Bangladesh Liberation War by the controversial International Crimes Tribunal-1 of Bangladesh.[5] The charges against Azam were torturing and the killings of a police officer Shiru Mia and three other civilians.

He was found guilty on all five charges and was sentenced to 90&#;years in prison.

The presiding judge Justice A. T. M. Fazle Kabir pronounced that: “This case is different from others. The accused was never present in any account of atrocities and the main allegation against the accused is superior responsibility and that he was the chief of the East Pakistan unit of Jamaat - e - Islami during the Liberation War and the para-militia forces like Al-Badr and Al-Shams were formed with a large number of Jamaat members.” The judge also added: “The documents which the prosecution has submitted as evidence were not adequate.

Books containing concrete information are more acceptable as reference.”[74]

The judges unanimously agreed that Azam deserved capital punishment but was given a lenient punishment because of his aging and poor health condition.[5][9]

Responses

Azam had always maintained that he never participated in any crimes but tried "to help people as much as he could."[39] In a press release, Jamaat's Acting Secretary General Rafiqul Islam rejected the International Crimes Tribunal's verdict against Azam by stating his conviction "nothing but a reflection of what AL-led party alliance leaders had said against him Ghulam Azam in different meetings".[75] The Daily Amardesh reported that the evidence presented before the court against Ghulam Azam consisted of newspaper clippings published during "[76][77]

Death

Ghulam Azam died after suffering a stroke on 23 October at PM at BSMMU while serving jail sentences for crimes against humanity during Bangladesh Liberation War.

His death was reported by Abdul Majid Bhuiyan, director of BSMMU. Ghulam Azam was put on life support system at 8 PM.[78][79] He was also suffering from kidney ailments.[80] Azam was buried at his family graveyard at Moghbazar, Dhaka on 25 October. His namaz-e-janaza (Islamic funeral prayer) was held at Bangladesh's national mosque Baitul Mokarram, which is still considered one of the largest gatherings at any funeral prayers.

Different quarters of the country protested against taking Azam's body to the national mosque because of his war crimes conviction and his opposition role to the independence of the country.[81]

Family

His son, Abdullahil Amaan Azmi was brigadier in the Bangladesh Army who was dismissed without explanation.

He had been missing since [82] In , it was revealed by an investigative report by Netra News that he was detained at secret prison called Aynaghar, run by the Directorate General of Forces Intelligence.[83] In August , after the fall of Sheikh Hasina's government, he was released from Aynaghar after 9 years of disappearance.[84] Moreover, his dismissal order was revoked and he was given a retirement as a Brigradier general along with all the benefits.[85]

Notes

  1. ^Although his published interview in Daily Azad on June 20, states "Bangla was a wrong decision with regard to the establishment of Pakistan since Urdu was widely used and all Muslims of the Indian subcontinent were Urdu speakers."[33]

References

  1. ^"Ghulam Azam's Role in Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami".

    Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami. Retrieved 27 August

  2. ^Uddin, Sufia M. (). Constructing Bangladesh: Religion, Ethnicity, And Language in an Islamic Nation.

    Home shopping queen Archived from the original on 18 July BBC News. Article Talk. During the war, Azam travelled to West Pakistan at the time to consult the Pakistani leaders.

    University of North Carolina. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  3. ^Evans, H. (). "Bangladesh: An Unsteady Democracy". In Shastri, A.; Wilson, A. (eds.). The Post-colonial States of South Asia: Democracy, Development and Identity. Palgrave. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  4. ^ abIslam, Udisa (15 July ).

    "Ghulam Azam spared death". Dhaka Tribune. Archived from the original on 17 September Retrieved 20 October

  5. ^ abcdManik, Julfikar Ali; Khan, Mahbubur Rahman (16 July ). "Ghulam Azam Deserves death, gets 90 years".

    The Daily Star. Retrieved 20 October

  6. ^ ab"Azam found guilty of Bangladesh war crimes".

  7. Daytime tv talk shows
  8. Ekattor tv talk show golam azam biography full
  9. Talk show

    10. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 15 July

  10. ^ ab"Bangladesh: Islamist leader found guilty of war crimes". Euronews. Archived from the original on 24 October Retrieved 15 July
  11. ^ ab"Prof.

    Ghulam Azam Retires". Islamic Voice. Archived from the original on 6 March

  12. ^ abAhmed, Tanim (15 July ). "Prosecution Blamed for Delay". Bdnewscom. Retrieved 15 July
  13. ^"Bangladesh: Azam Conviction Based on Flawed Proceedings". Human Rights Watch.

    16 August

  14. ^"Bangladesh: Azam Trial Concerns". Human Rights Watch. 16 August
  15. ^"Bangladesh: Resist pressure to push for death sentences at war crimes tribunal". Amnesty International. 15 February
  16. ^"Bangladesh: Resist pressure to push for hasty death sentences at war crimes Tribunal"(PDF).

    Amnesty International. 22 February

  17. ^Sabir, Mustafa (21 January ). "Bangladesh's watershed war crimes moment". BBC News. Retrieved 23 October
  18. ^ abcdঢাকায় নাগরিক শান্তি কমিটি গঠিত (Citizen's Peace Committee formed in Dhaka), Daily Pakistan, 11 April
  19. ^ abThe Wall Street Journal, 27 July ; quoted in the book Muldhara 71 by Moidul Hasan
  20. ^ [We will never tolerate Indian conspiracy].

    The Daily Sangram (in Bengali). 13 April

  21. ^Rubin, Barry A. (). Guide to Islamist Movements. M.E. Sharpe. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  22. ^Fair, C. Christine (). Pakistan: Can the United States Secure an Insecure State?. Rand Corporation. pp.&#;21– ISBN&#;.
  23. ^ abAhsan, Syed Aziz-al (October ).

    Islamization of the State in a Dualistic Culture: The Case of Bangladesh (PhD).

    Ekattor tv talk show golam azam biography wikipedia Responses [ edit ]. Representations to Saudi authorities. Gaan Bangla. Following an appeal from the government against the High Court ruling, Prof Azam citizenship ruling was upheld by a full-member Appellate Division Court in , which ensured his full right as a citizen of Bangladesh.

    McGill University, Dept of Political Science.

  24. ^ ab [Allegations against Ghulam Azam submitted by Prof. Anisuzzaman]. Daily Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 14 March
  25. ^ abHashmi, Taj I.

    (). Women and Islam in Bangladesh: Beyond Subjection and Tyranny. Palgrave Macmillan. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  26. ^ abcdefghiHossain, Ishtiaq; Siddiquee, Noore Alam ().

    "Islam in Bangladesh Politics: the role of Ghulam Azam of Jamaat-i-Islaami". Inter-Asia Cultural Studies. 5 (3): doi/ S2CID&#;

  27. ^Manik, Julfikar Ali; Sarkar, Ashutosh (12 January ). "Ghulam Azam lands in jail". The Daily Star.
  28. ^Sarkar, Ashutosh; Laskar, Rizanuzzaman (13 December ).

    "Ghulam faces 52 charges". The Daily Star.

  29. ^"ICT further denies bail to Ghulam Azam". UNB. 26 November Archived from the original on 24 July
  30. ^"Ghulam Azam dies". Bdnewscom. October Retrieved 23 October
  31. ^"Thousands attend funeral for former Bangladesh Islamist leader".

    Reuters. October Retrieved 23 October

  32. ^ ab"Professor Ghulam Azam A name, A history". Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami. Retrieved 9 June
  33. ^ absdcuk (18 January ). "My Journey Through Life Part 3". Professor Ghulam Azam.

    Retrieved 26 October

  34. ^"FAMILY BACKGROUND". . Retrieved 27 October
  35. ^"My Journey Through Life Part 2". Professor Ghulam Azam. 11 January Retrieved 9 June
  36. ^"Pro-Bangla activist turns anti-Bangladesh". Dhaka Tribune. 15 July Archived from the original on 17 September Retrieved 20 October
  37. ^Keesing's Record of World Events (formerly Keesing's Contemporary Archives), Volume 15 (), May PAKISTAN, Page
  38. ^White Paper on The Crisis in East Pakistan.

    Islamabad: Ministry of Information and National Affairs. OCLC&#;

  39. ^White Paper on The Crisis in East Pakistan. Islamabad: Ministry of Information and National Affairs. pp.&#;6–8. OCLC&#;
  40. ^'Police accused over rioting', The Guardian, 26 January , pg. 4
  41. ^Salik, Siddiq ().

    Witness to Surrender. Dhaka: The University Press Limited. p.&#; ISBN&#;.

  42. ^ abcdefgh"Translation of ATN Bangla Interview".

    Professor Ghulam Azam. 27 December Retrieved 26 April

  43. ^ abc [Ghulam Azams speeches in ]. Prothom Alo (in Bengali). 11 January Archived from the original on 14 January
  44. ^ ab"Ghulam Azam was on Peace Committee".

    The Daily Star. 12 March Retrieved 13 March

  45. ^Kann, Peter R. (27 July ). "East Pakistan Is Seen Gaining Independence, But It Will Take Years". The Wall Street Journal.
  46. ^Daily Pakistan. 25 May
  47. ^Daily Azad.

    26 May

  48. ^Daily Purbodesh. 23 April
  49. ^ [China fully supports Pakistan]. The Daily Sangram (in Bengali). 13 April
  50. ^Sirajul Islam; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir, eds. (). "Razakar". Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online&#;ed.).

    Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN&#;. OCLC&#; OL&#;M. Retrieved 19 January

  51. ^ ab"History speaks up – Julfikar Ali Manik and Emran Hossain". The Daily Star. 27 October
  52. ^ ab [Prof.

    Ghulam Azam in a conference at Lahore]. The Daily Sangram (in Bengali). 21 June

  53. ^ ab. The Daily Sangram (in Bengali). 12 August
  54. ^"Ghulam Azam calls for an all out war". The Pakistan Observer. 26 November
  55. ^"Pakistan 'Guilty of Genocide': Senator Kennedy's Charge".

    The Sydney Morning Herald. 18 August p.&#;5. Retrieved 10 January &#; via The Daily Star.

  56. ^"I Made No Mistake in Gholam Azam and the Jamaat Polilics". Bichitra. 17 April
  57. ^Azam ATN Bangla Interview, 14th Dec , with Eng Subs Part 2 on YouTube, See video at and
  58. ^Muldhara '71 (মূলধারা '৭১ Mainstream '71) by Moidul Hasan, page.

    , footnote. published by University Press Limited

  59. ^Browne, Malcolm W. (4 November ). "53 Pakistan Assembly Seats To Be Filled Without a Vote". International Herald Tribune. p.&#;5.
  60. ^"War criminal Ghulam Azam buried". bdnewscom. 25 October Retrieved 8 August
  61. ^Manik, Julfikar Ali (12 May ).

    "Focus back on, 8yrs after". The Daily Star.

  62. ^Nohlen, Dieter; Grotz, Florian; Hartmann, Christof (). Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume I: Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asia. Oxford University Press. p.&#; ISBN&#;.
  63. ^"Hospital stay not needed".

    The Daily Star. 15 January

  64. ^"Ghulam Azam lands in jail". bdnewscom. 11 January
  65. ^ ab"Counsels visit Ghulam Azam". The Daily Star. 19 February
  66. ^"Ghulam Azam's counsels prefer ICT-2". Bdnewscom.

    30 May

  67. ^ [I am in fear of my husband's life: Syeda Afifa Azam]. Daily Naya Diganta (in Bengali). 27 January Archived from the original on 30 January
  68. ^ [Professor Ghulam Azam has lost 3&#;kg in weight]. The Daily Sangram (in Bengali). 5 February Archived from the original on 16 December
  69. ^ [Ghulam Azam is being mentally tortured in his prison cell – Mrs Afifa Azam].

    The Daily Sangram (in Bengali). 12 February Archived from the original on 15 December Azam is held in solitary confinement and is allowed a visit of 30&#;minutes per week by 3 close relatives only. Applications for visits are required to be made in advance and require approval.

  70. ^"Wife, son meet Ghulam Azam".

    The Daily Star. 21 January

  71. ^"Ghulam Azam synonymous with Hitler: Sultana Kamal". UNB. 13 September Archived from the original on 19 October Retrieved 14 March
  72. ^"13 Sep Azam 3rd witness cross exam day 3". David Bergman. 20 November Retrieved 9 May
  73. ^* "Jamaat-e-Islami guru Ghulam Azam's role during the Liberation War 'was quite like Adolf Hitler in Second World War Germany'.""Azam was like Hitler in Germany".

  74. Bangladesh population by religion
  75. Top 10 famous person in bangladesh
  76. Bangladesh language
  77. Bangladesh population in crores

    78. Bdnewscom. 3 March

    • "Next on the list is Ghulam Azam, the head of Jamaat in , accused of overseeing the setting up of pro-Pakistani death squads manned by the party's student wing. The prosecution is seeking the death penalty for Mr Azam, whom it likened, in its closing arguments this week, to Adolf Hitler.""Unrest in Bangladesh: A nation divided".

      The Economist. 9 March Retrieved 14 March

    • "War crimes prosecutors on Sunday said that in Ghulam Azam did in Bangladesh what Adolf Hitler did in Germany during the Second World War. 'Ghulam Azam was the Hitler in Bangladesh under Pakistan army occupation in ', said prosecutor Zead-Al-Malum.""Ghulam Azam was Hitler of prosecution".

      New Age. Dhaka. 4 March Archived from the original on 19 December Retrieved 14 March

  78. ^ [The Union condemns the arrest of Professor Ghulam Azam and other thinkers by the Bangladeshi government]. International Union of Muslim Scholars (in Arabic). 18 January Archived from the original on 4 March
  79. ^"Detention of accused unlawful".

    The Daily Star. 16 February

  80. ^Adams, Brad (1 February ). "Bangladesh: Government Backtracks on Rights". Human Rights Watch.
  81. ^Al-Ghamdi, Ali (23 July ). "Unjust verdict against Ghulam Azam". Saudi Gazette. Retrieved 26 April
  82. ^"Jamaat rejects judgment".

    The Daily Star. 16 July

  83. ^ [Ghulam Azam was evidence of the involvement: Fazle Kabir]. Daily Amardesh (in Bengali). 15 July Archived from the original on 18 July
  84. ^"Amar Desh stops publication for now". The Daily Star. 16 April
  85. ^"War criminal Golam Azam dies".

    Daily Prothom Alo. 23 October Archived from the original on 23 October Retrieved 23 October

  86. ^Julfikar Ali Manik, Moniruzzaman Uzzal (23 October ). "War criminal Ghulam Azam dies". Dhaka Tribune. Archived from the original on 16 September Retrieved 7 September
  87. ^"Ghulam Azam on life support".

    Bdnewscom. 23 October

  88. ^"Ghulam Azam buried". The Daily Star. 25 October Retrieved 26 October
  89. ^"Bangladesh police accused of abducting ex-JI chief's son". Dawn. AFP. 24 August Retrieved 26 April
  90. ^"Secret prisoners of Dhaka". Netra News — নেত্র নিউজ.

    14 August Retrieved 26 April

  91. ^প্রতিনিধি, বিশেষ (6 August ). "আট বছর পর ফিরলেন আমান আযমী ও আরমান". Prothomalo (in Bengali). Retrieved 18 August
  92. ^"Army revokes Brig Gen Azmi's dismissal order, grants retirement with benefits". 27 December